AN ANALYSIS OF RATES OF CHANGE IN COMMUNITY PER CAPITA INCOME BY DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

A preliminary evaluation of text-based and dependency-based techniques for determining the origins of bugs

A crucial step in understanding the life cycle of software bugs is identifying their origin. Unfortunately this information is not usually recorded and recovering it at a later date is challenging. Recently two approaches have been developed that attempt to solve this problem: the text approach and the dependency approach. However only limited evaluation has been carried out on their effectiveness so far, partially due to the lack of data sets linking bugs to their introduction. Producing such data sets is both time-consuming and challenging due to the subjective nature of the problem. To improve this, the origins of 166 bugs in two open-source projects were manually identified. These were then compared to a simulation of the approaches. The results show that both approaches were partially successful across a variety of different types of bugs. They achieved a precision of 29%{79% and a recall of 40%{70%, and could perform better when combined. However there remain a number of challenges to overcome in future development|large commits, unrelated changes and large numbers of versions between the origin and the x all reduce their effectiveness

TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: A FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

Public Economics,

Late quaternary time series of Arabian Sea productivity: Global and regional signals

Modern annual floral and faunal production in the northwest Arabian Sea derives primarily from upwelling induced by strong southwest winds during June, July, and August. Indian Ocean summer monsoon winds are, in turn, driven by differential heating between the Asian continent and the Indian ocean to the south. This differential heating produces a strong pressure gradient resulting in southwest monsoon winds and both coastal and divergent upwelling off the Arabian Peninsula. Over geologic time scales (10(exp 4) to 10(exp 6) years), monsoon wind strength is sensitive to changes in boundary conditions which influence this pressure gradient. Important boundary conditions include the seasonal distribution of solar radiation, global ice volume, Indian Ocean sea surface temperature, and the elevation and albedo of the Asian continent. To the extent that these factors influence monsoon wind strength, they also influence upwelling and productivity. In addition, however, productivity associated with upwelling can be decoupled from the strength of the summer monsoon winds via ocean mechanisms which serve to inhibit or enhance the nutrient supply in the intermediate waters of the Indian Ocean, the source for upwelled waters in the Arabian Sea. To differentiate productivity associated with wind-induced upwelling from that associated with other components of the system such as nutrient sequestering in glacial-age deep waters, we employ a strategy which monitors independent components of the oceanic and atmospheric subsystems. Using sediment records from the Owen Ridge, northwest Arabian Sea, we monitor the strength of upwelling and productivity using two independent indicators, percent G. bulloides and opal accumulation. We monitor the strength of southwest monsoon winds by measuring the grain-size of lithogenic dust particles blown into the Arabian Sea from the surrounding deserts of the Somali and Arabian Peninsulas. Our current hypothesis is that the variability associated with the 41 kyr power in the G. bulloides and opal accumulation records derive from nutrient availability in the intermediate waters which are upwelled via monsoon winds. This hypothesis is testable by comparison with Cd records of intermediate and deep waters of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean

Defining Transplantation and Listing Benefit in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Invited Editorialhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91967/1/2008 AJRCCM Defining Transplantation and Listing Benefit in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.pd

Studies on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the treatment and prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

More than fifty years have elapsed since Robert Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, which gave such an impetus to research in tuberculosis. In spite of the manifold investigations carried out since then, there still remain many problems to be solved in this disease. In the case of pulmonary tuberculosis, the two great needs to -day are, first, a satisfactory method for the early diagnosis of the condition, and, second, a specific form of treatment. Apart from these fundamental problems, there are several minor problems to be solved. Among these, one of everyday importance is the estimation of the progress of a patient suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis, and the evaluation or the results of any special therapy which may be employed. We have, of course, at our disposal several clinical guides to the progress of a case, viz. the temperature, the pulse rate, the weight, and the physical signs, aided by radiological appearances. taut frequently the temperature and pulse rate are within normal limits, and changes in the physical signs are difficult to evaluate. Also, the exudative type of lesion is frequently to a great extent "silent" on auscultation. It is in these cases that the difficulty arises. Fortunately, a. laboratory test has been discovered, which has been shown to be .of definite value in esti- :mating the progress of the condition. it is known that, if blood be citrated to prevent clotting, and be set up in a vertically placed tube, the red cells sink, leaving the clear plasma as a supernatant fluid. This "Sedimentation Hate" has been shown to be constant in normal individuals, but in persons suffering from, among other conditions, pulmonary tuberculosis, it is increased in proportion to the severity of the disease. This test has now been used in the study of pulmonary tuberculosis for a period of fifteen years, and numerous papers have been published on the subject. While its value has been definitely established, several impotent problems in connection with it remain to be solved. in these studies two main problems have been investigated. The first - a serological one - deals with the influence of red cell concentration on the sedimentation rate. It has been shown that the smaller the red cell concentration, the more rapid is the sedimentation rote. The majority of methods of estimating the sedimentation rate do not take this factor into account. in the method used by the author, a correction is applied to the reading in order to allow for any change in the red cell concentration from normal. The object of this study is to determine whether such a corrected reading gives a more accurate estimation of the patient's progress. The second study is a pharmacological one, and deals with the action or gold therapy on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This is a. problem or sore interest, in view or the present widespread use of the method, and the conflicting opinions which have been expressed regarding its value in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. We begin with a historical survey of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, followed by a consideration of the technique and theory of the subject. Thereafter, the practical application of the subject to the study of pulmonary tuberculosis is entered into in detail